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Category: Health & Wellness
Tags: antibiotic treatmentBorrelia burgdorferidisease preventionLyme diseasetick-borne illness
Entities: amoxicillinBorrelia burgdorferidoxycyclineerythema migransIxodes ticks
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Lyme disease or Lyme borreliosis is an infectious blood-borne bacterial disease that's transmitted by ticks it's caused by borrelia burgdorferi species
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now the genus borrelia contains several species Lyme disease in people is caused primarily by borrelia burgdorferi in North America and by bf zelii b gurini and b bergdorferi in Europe and Asia
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in domestic animals only B bergdorferi is confirmed to cause Lyme disease borrelia are spirochetes which means spiral-shaped bacteria they have outer surface proteins abbreviated as OSP
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which play a role in virulence and sets of flagella that run between the cell wall and outer membrane which they use to spin or twist to move in a wave-like motion hard-shelled Exodus ticks or deer ticks
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are the vector for B bergdorferi meaning they're the intermediate organism that spreads the bacteria in the Northeast and Midwest USA I scapularis the black leg Deer Tick is the main Vector while on the Pacific coast it's I pacificus
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the Western black leg tick in Europe and Asia irisinus and I personas are the primary vectors ticks like environments with moderate humidity and temperature so they're often found in wooded areas thick brush
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marshes and Tall Grass these ticks are small and even adults are only about three millimeters long so they can be hard to notice now Exodus ticks feed on the blood from hosts throughout their life stages of
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larva nymph and adult when they hatch as larvae they are uninfected when they feed on Infected hosts as larvae or nymphs they can pick up the bee burgdorfer eye bacteria in the younger stages of their life they
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often feed on smaller animals like rodents birds and even lizards when they grow into adults they move on to larger mammals like dogs cats and horses a tick infected with B bergdorferi can transmit the bacteria to humans and
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animals through their saliva during feeding in the first few hours after attachment the bacteria in the ticks mid gut switch their outer surface protein from ospa to ospc which helps with transmission and provides protection against the host's immune system
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after 24 hours of attachment the bacteria passes from The Tick's digestive system to the host's skin and then into the blood vessels that the tick is feeding on so the longer a tick is attached the more likely transmission will occur after the bacteria get into the skin
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they cause a local infection that activates local immune cells leading to an inflammatory response after several days the bacteria can disseminate through the bloodstream to distant tissues like the heart kidneys and Joints inflammatory responses in
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these tissues can cause swelling damage and dysfunction particularly in the synovial joints and around nerves clinical signs and symptoms don't always develop in domestic animals but if they do they can be non-specific like a fever
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from inflammation or they can be related to the affected tissue like Limb and Joint Disease and renal neurologic and cardiac dysfunction dogs also commonly have anorexia lethargy swollen lymph nodes and
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intermittent or recurring lameness with limping or pain when moving they can also have renal failure which can be fatal about three out of four infected humans develop a classic rash called erythema migrants it usually occurs as a red bump
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at the site of the bite that expands often with clearing between the center and periphery resembling a bullseye if disseminated disease develops other erythema migrants lesions may appear and people feel achy tired and weak without treatment about 20 to 25 percent develop
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neurologic complications like Bell's Palsy where there's weakness on one side of the face or cardiac manifestations like heart block or pericarditis diagnosis is primarily based on clinical signs and symptoms history of exposure
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in endemic areas and ruling out other diagnoses antibody testing can be done and the standard is to use enzyme-linked immunosorbin assays called Elisa serial conversion may take several weeks so the decision to treat it is usually
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made clinically additional tests to assess tissue dysfunction can be helpful like autoimmune panels CBC blood chemistry and radiographs treatment with the antimicrobials tetracycline like doxycycline and
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penicillins like amoxicillin are used in suspected cases in dogs a four-week standard course can be extended or restarted until clinical resolution additional treatments tailored to affected tissues may be needed in humans a variety of antibiotic regimens are
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used depending on the stage of the disease but they typically include amoxicillin doxycycline or Ceftriaxone prevention is often the best course of action and this includes tick avoidance and routine scanning for and quick
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removal of attached ticks repellents sprays dips and impregnated collars routine vaccination is available for animals and can keep antibody levels High vaccines with recombinant ospa can prevent infection of the host while
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lysate vaccines with ospa and ospc can offer protection to the host after infection so to recap Lyme disease in humans and domestic animals is caused by the bacteria borrelia burgdorferi and is
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transmitted by Exodus tics in endemic areas especially North America if present signs and symptoms are caused by the inflammatory response which can lead to tissue damage and dysfunction a clinical diagnosis guides treatment with antibiotics or other therapies tailored
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to tissue dysfunction